1. Use hook_ckeditor5_plugin_info_alter to alter "ckeditor5_codeBlock" plugin.
  2. Add relevant languages to "ckeditor5_codeBlock" config.
/**
 * hook_ckeditor5_plugin_info_alter().
 */
function thefirstcode_ckeditor5_plugin_info_alter(array &$plugin_definitions): void {
  assert($plugin_definitions['ckeditor5_codeBlock'] instanceof CKEditor5PluginDefinition);
  if ($code_block = $plugin_definitions['ckeditor5_codeBlock']) {
    $code_block_definition = $code_block->toArray();
    $code_block_definition['ckeditor5']['config']['codeBlock'] = [
      'languages' => [
        [
          'language' => 'css',
          'label' => 'CSS',
        ],
        [
          'language' => 'html',
          'label' => 'HTML',
        ],
        [
          'language' => 'javascript',
          'label' => 'JavaScript',
        ],
        [
          'language' => 'php',
          'label' => 'PHP',
        ],
        [
          'language' => 'twig',
          'label' => 'TWIG',
        ],
        [
          'language' => 'yaml',
          'label' => 'YAML',
        ],
      ],
    ];
    $plugin_definitions['ckeditor5_codeBlock'] = new CKEditor5PluginDefinition($code_block_definition);
  }
}